1.European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. editors. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers/injuries: clinical practice guideline. In: Emily Haesler, Osborne Park, Western Australia: EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA; 2019.
6.Korea Institute for Healthcare Accreditation, hospital certification standards 4
th [Internet]. Republic of Korea: Korea Institute for Healthcare Accreditation; 2021). [cited 2021 October 27]. Available from:,
https://www.koiha.or.kr/web/kr/index.do
7.Lee JK. The relationship of risk assessment using braden scale and development of pressure sore in neurologic intensive care unit. The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Adult Nursing. 2003). 15(2):267–77.
8.Lee YJ. An analysis of pressure ulcer rate and the risk factors of pressure ulcer in hospitalized patients [master's thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National University; 2011). 29–33.
9.Lee ER. The prevalence and risk factors of pressure ulcers in a tertiary hospital [master's thesis]. Daegu: Kyung-Pook National University; 2014). 17–31.
10.Kim YK. Evaluation of predictive validity for the pressure ulcer risk assessment tool 2. Health & Nursing. 2000). 12(2):37–51.
11.Lahmann NA, Kottner J, Dassen T, Tannen A. Higher pressure ulcer risk on intensive care-comparison between general wards and intensive care units.
Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2012;
21(3-4):354–61.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03550.x
13.Lindgren M, Unosson M, Fredrikson M, Ek AC. Immobility-a major risk factor for development of pressure ulcers among adult hospitalized patients: a prospective study.
Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2004;
18(1):57–64.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0283-9318.2003.00250.x
14.Coyer FM, Stotts NA, Blackman VS. A prospective window into medical devicerelated pressure ulcers in intensive care.
International Wound Journal. 2014;
11(6):656–64.
https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12026
16.Hanonu S, Karadag A. A prospective, descriptive study to determine the rate and characteristics of and risk factors for the development of medical devicerelated pressure ulcers in intensive care units. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2016). 62(2):12–22.
17.Pittman J, Beeson T, Kitterman J, Lancaster S, Shelly A. Medical devicerelated hospitalacquired pressure ulcers: development of an evidence-based position statement.
Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing. 2015;
42(2):151–4.
https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000113
19.Willock J, Harris C, Harrison J, Poole C. Identifying the characteristics of children with pressure ulcers. Nursing Times. 2005). 101(11):40–3.
20.Choi MA. Risk factors for medical devicerelated pressure injuries in patients with spinal surgery in the prone position[master's thesis]. Busan: Pu-Kyong University; 2020). 20–33.
21.Jun SS, Kim HJ, Jang YJ. Pressure ulcers caused by equipment and supplies in intensive care unit.
Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing. 2017;
24(3):255–63.
https://doi.org/10.22705/JKASHCN.2017.24.3.255
22.Kim HK, Kim YH, Son HM. Characteristics influencing the occurrence of respiratory medical devicerelated pressure ulcers in the pediatric intensive care unit.
Child Health Nursing Research. 2019;
25(2):133–42.
https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.133
24.Lee YJ, Kim JY. Korean Association of Wound Ostomy Continence Nurses. Medical device related hospital related pressure ulcer in Korea. Journal of Korean Wound Management Society. 2015). 11(2):87–91.
25.Lee YJ, Kim JY. A study on the nursing knowledge, attitude, and performance towards pressure ulcer prevention among nurses in Korea long-term care facilities.
International Wound Journal. 2019;
1(1):29–35.
https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13021
26.Kang MK, Kim MS. Risk factors for medical devicerelated oral mucosa pressure ulcer development of intubated patients in adult intensive care unit.
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2020;
22(4):271–8.
https://doi.org/10.7586/jkbns.2020.22.4.271
27.Im HS. Case-control study method. Journal of Korean Academy of Family Medicine 1994). 15(1):18–23.
28.Peduzzi P, Concato J, Feinstein AR, Holford TR. Importance of events per independent variable in proportional hazards regression analysis II. Accuracy and precision of regression estimates.
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1995).
48(12):1503–10.
29.Galetto SGDS, Nascimento ERPD, Hermida PMV, Busanello J, Malfussi LBH, Lazzari DD. Medical devicerelated pressure injury prevention in critically ill patients: nursing care.
Brazilian Nursing Journal. 2021;
74(2):e20200062.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0062
30.Kayser SA, VanGilder CA, Ayello EA, Lachenbruch C. Prevalence and analysis of medical devicerelated pressure injuries: results from the international pressure ulcer prevalence survey.
Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2018;
31(6):276–85.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASW.0000532475.11971.aa
31.VanGilder C, Amlung S, Harrison P, Meyer S. Results of the 2008-2009 international pressure ulcer prevalence survey and a 3-year, acute care, unit-specific analysis.
Ostomy Wound Manage. 2009).
55(11):39–45.
32.Manzano F, Navarro MJ, Roldá n D, Moral MA, Leyva I, Guerrero C, et al. Pressure ulcer incidence and risk factors in ventilated intensive care patients.
Journal of Critical Care. 2010;
25(3):469–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.09.002
33.Sin ES, Jung AR, Lee EJ, Cho EY, Kwak KO, Choi JH, et al. Risk degree of pressure sore according to hospital days in ICU patients. Nursing and Health Issues(NHI). 2006). 11(1):39–49.
34.Wang HN, Campbell J, Doubrovsky A, Singh V, Collins J, Coyer F. Pressure injury development in critically ill patients with a cervical collar in situ: A retrospective longitudinal study.
International Wound Journal. 2020;
17(4):944–56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13363
35.Tam SF, Mobargha A, Tobias J, Schad CA, Okochi S, Middlesworth W, et al. Pressure ulcers in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
International Wound Journal. 2019;
16(2):420–3.
https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13049
36.Kumta N, Coyer F, David M. Perioperative factors and pressure ulcer development in postoperative ICU patients: A retrospective review.
Journal of Wound Care. 2018;
27(8):475–85.
https://doi.org/10.12986/jowc.2018.27.8.475